Prestressed concrete is the most recent of the major forms of construction to be introduced into structural engineering. Although several patents were taken out in the last century for various prestressing schemes, they were unsuccessful because low-strength steel was used, with the result that long-term effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete reduced the prestress force so much that any advantage was lost. It was only in the early part of the twentieth century that the French engineer Eugène Freyssinet approached the problem in a systematic way and, using high-strength steel, first applied the technique of prestressing concrete successfully. Since then prestressed concrete has become a well-established method of construction, and the technology is available in most developed, and in many developing, countries. An account of some of the early developments in prestressed concrete is given in Walley (1984).
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Title
Prestressed Concrete Design
Edition
2nd Edition
Author
M.K. Hurst
MSc, DIC, MICE, MIStruct.E
Publishers
E& FN Spon
Chapman & Hall
Table of Contents
Basic principles 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Methods of prestressing 6
1.3 Structural behaviour 9
1.4 Internal equilibrium 12
1.5 Deflected tendons 16
1.6 Integral behaviour 18
1.7 Forces exerted by tendons 19
1.8 Loss of prestress force 23
1.9 Degrees of prestressing 24
1.10 Safety 25
Problems 25
2 Properties of materials 29
2.1 Strength of concrete 29
2.2 Modulus of elasticity of concrete 30
2.3 Creep of concrete 32
2.4 Shrinkage of concrete 32
2.5 Lightweight concrete 34
2.6 Steel for prestressing 34
2.7 Relaxation of steel 36
2.8 Stress-strain curves for steel 37
2.9 Corrosion of steel 40
3 Limit state design 42
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Limit states 42
3.3 Characteristic loads and strengths 44
Page viii
3.4 Partial factors of safety 46
3.5 Stress-strain curves 48
3.6 Loading cases 49
3.7 Allowable stresses 51
3.8 Fire resistance 51
3.9 Fatigue 53
3.10 Durability 54
3.11 Vibration 55
4 Loss of prestress force 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Elastic shortening 58
4.3 Friction 61
4.4 Anchorage draw-in 67
4.5 Variation of initial prestress force along a member 67
4.6 Long-term losses 70
4.7 Total prestress losses 73
4.8 Measurement of prestress force 73
4.9 Initial overtensioning 76
Problems 76
5 Analysis of sections 79
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Serviceability limit state 80
5.3 Additional steel stress due to bending 83
5.4 Post-cracking behaviour 84
5.5 Ultimate load behaviour 86
5.6 Variation of steel stress 90
5.7 Design ultimate strength 91
5.8 Simplified concrete stress block 94
5.9 Design charts 94
5.10 Untensioned reinforcement 96
5.11 Cracked members 97
5.12 Members with unbonded tendons 100
Problems 103
6 Deflections 107
6.1 Limits to deflection 107
6.2 Short-term deflections of uncracked members 108
6.3 Long-term deflections 112
6.4 Deflections of cracked members 113
6.5 Load balancing 117
6.6 Load-deflection curves 118
Problems 119
Page ix
7 Shear 120
7.1 Introduction 120
7.2 Design shear resistance 120
8 Prestressing systems and anchorages 126
8.1 Pretensioning systems 126
8.2 Post-tensioning systems 127
8.3 Bursting forces in anchorage zones 133
8.4 Transmission lengths in pretensioned members 138
9 Design of members 142
9.1 Introduction 142
9.2 Basic inequalities 142
9.3 Design of prestress force 146
9.4 Magnel diagram 149
9.5 Cable zone 151
9.6 Minimum prestress force 154
9.7 Ultimate strength design 156
9.8 Cracked members 157
9.9 Choice of section 161
9.10 Flow charts for design 162
9.11 Detailing 163
Problems 166
10 Composite construction 170
10.1 Introduction 170
10.2 Serviceability limit state 170
10.3 Ultimate strength 174
10.4 Horizontal shear 176
10.5 Vertical shear 179
10.6 Deflections 180
10.7 Differential movements 182
10.8 Propping and continuity 186
10.9 Design of composite members 188
Problems 189
11 Indeterminate structures 191
11.1 Introduction 191
11.2 Secondary moments 191
11.3 Linear transformation and concordancy 200
11.4 Ultimate load behaviour 204
Problems 208
Page x
12 Prestressed flat slabs 211
12.1 Introduction 211
12.2 Two-way load balancing 211
12.3 Equivalent-frame analysis 214
12.4 Design and detailing 217
12.5 Ultimate strength 225
12.6 Shear resistance 227
13 Design examples 234
13.1 Introduction 234
Example 13.1 235
Example 13.2 243
Solutions to problems 252
Bibliography 254
Index 256
Overview of the Book
An overall view of the behaviour of prestressed concrete structures is given in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 deals with material properties, while limit state design is outlined in Chapter 3. The detailed considerations in the analysis and design of statically determinate prestressed concrete structures are dealt with in Chapters 4–10. Chapter 11 gives an introduction to statically indeterminate prestressed concrete structures and Chapter 12 outlines the design principles for the most important application of such structures in buildings, namely flat slabs, based on the provisions of TR43. Finally, Chapter 13 contains the computer spreadsheets noted above. Problems are given at the ends of many of the chapters for further exercise. For rapid solution, some of these require the use of simple structural analysis or spreadsheet computer programs, which are widely available.
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