Contract Documents Definition, parts, sample

A contract document consists of following types of papers:
1. Conditions of contract
2. Technical Specifications
3. Bill of Quantities or BOQ
4. Contract Drawings
5. Form of contract

Note: Language for all the documents should be exact , so that, later on the meaninings may not be  wrongly interpreted.

1. Conditions of Contract

Conditions of contract are classified into three categories.

Contract Documents

i) General Conditions of contract

These conditions, in some form, are to be specified for nearly al types of the works. These define generally the terms under which the work is to be carried out like the relationship between the engineers, the contractor and the client, the powers of the engineers and the terms of payments etc. Various clauses dealing with contract laws are incorporated in the general conditions o the contract.

ii) Additional Conditions of the contract

These conditions are related to the type of project. Conditions left in general conditions of contract are specified in additional conditions of contract. These conditions generally differ from project to project and are mainly related with specifications to be used, ways of testing, start of work, and other relevant work.

iii) Special conditions of work

These include some information about the site and the work, provisions of facilities at the site, site office, availability of surveying instruments drawings and site order book (to note instructions from the engineer) at the site, sign boards, materials and machinery issued by the department, advances, and other related terms.
Note: all conditions or circumstances, which can give rise to a dispute later on, should be well settled in the contract agreement. These agreed solutions of various conditions become contract law.

2- Specifications

The specifications amplify (magnify) the information given in the contract drawings and the BOQ. These describe, in detail, the work to be executed under the contract and nature and quality of materials and workmanship. The specifications also give details of any special responsibilities to be borne by the contractor in addition to the general conditions of contract.
The use of a particular standard like British, American, European, etc. helps considerably in this respect. It ensures the use of good quality materials complying with the latest requirements prepared by expert technical committees representing Users, Produces, Research workers and other interested. The practice is to use brief description in BOQ and to give more comprehensive and detailed information concerning the materials
and workmanship etc. in the specifications.

Technical specifications are usually separately mentioned for;
i) Civil works -- Different standards
ii) Water Supply, Sewerage and
Sanitary works ( called plumbing works for inside of the building) – Different standards
iii) Electrical installations ----WAPDA specifications
iv) Gas Works ----SUI Northern Gas (Limited Specifications)

3- Bill of Quantities

The BOQ consists of a schedule of items of works, to be carried out under the contract, with quantities entered against each item, the quantities being taken in accordance with the standard methods of measurement of civil works.

One of the primary functions of a BOQ is to provide a basis on which tenders can be obtained and when it is priced, it provides a comparison of various tenders received.

For a building, BOQs are given separately for each storey and separately for different types of works.
i) BOQ for civil works
ii) BOQ for public health engg. Works
iii) BOQ for electrical works
iv) BOQ for gas works

4- Contract Drawings

Contract drawings illustrate the details and scope of the works to be executed under the contract. They must be prepared in sufficient details to enable the contractor to satisfactorily price the BOQ. The contract drawings will be subsequently used when executing the works and may be supplemental by further detailed drawings as the work proceeds. Full description and explanatory notes should be entered on the drawings to avoid any sort of confusion.

6. Form of Tender (Formal Agreement) 

It constitutes a formal offer to execute the contract work in accordance with the various contract documents for the contract price as quoted in BOQ. It usually includes the contract period within which the contractor is to complete the work.
The contractor is generally asked to enter into a bond whereby he provides to sureties who are prepared to pay upto 10-15% of the contract price if the contract is not carried out satisfactorily or a bank guarantee.

Analysis of Different Hydraulic Parameters on the Structural Design of Dharma Nullah Bridge Taxila [PPT]

Project Title

Analysis of Different Hydraulic Parameters on the Structural Design of Dharma Nullah Bridge Taxila

Project Abstract.

The purpose of this project is to thoroughly study the various parameters affecting the hydraulic design of a bridge and studied various methods for the calculation of discharge for Hydraulic design of Bridge. The structural design of the bridge was carried out on well-known software named as CSI Bridge. This bridge was designed and constructed by the Provincial Highway Department. It seems that designed height and span ofthe bridge was not truly based upon actual hydraulic parameters.

About thesis

This thesis is written in partial fulfillment of the B.Sc. degree in CIVIL ENGINEERING. The project thesis includes theoretical background and importance of each parameter affecting the design of bridge. Detailed steps of designing the bridge on the software are also included, different tables and figures are used to simply elaborate the design procedure. For the purpose of study data for hydraulic and structural design was collected from Provincial Highway Department. For the hydraulic design of the bridge, one year flow in th DHAIVIRAH Nullah was measured at the selected location.

Poster Presentation

Analysis of Different Hydraulic Parameters on the Structural Design of Dharma Nullah Bridge Taxila

Analysis of Different Hydraulic Parameters on the Structural Design of Dharma Nullah Bridge Taxila

Download Poster for this project

Click Here

Credits

Advisor:
 Prof. Dr. Abdul Razzaq Ghumman
Group  members:
Asif Manzoor , Faisal Jahangir , Harmoon Haroon

From Editor's Desk

The purpose for sharing this project brief introduction and poster is just to help others who are finding any sort of help in template for technical presentation or in search of topic for their semester project or final year project. If you or any authority is having any kind of trouble with this sharing you can immediately contact us via contact us page to shut down this page for you in case of violation of rules and regulation of your department. 

Hope you would like this sharing!

Complete Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall [pdf]

Cantilever Retaining wall is a reinforced cement concrete (RCC) Structure that is used to retain and hold back loose soil and gravel behind where there are abrupt changes in slope beyond their natural and stable angle of repose.

Complete Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall

Design Criteria

As far as the stability of a retaining wall is concerned; it is of two types (i) external stability and (ii) Internal Stability

in external stability we try to make cantilever wall resist the overturning, sliding and settlement while in internal stability we try to make it resist the shear and bending moment. Usually in cantilever retaining wall only flexural and temperature or shrinkage reinforcement is provided and shear reinforcement is not provided as it would cause steel congestion, thus when there is requirement of shear reinforcement the area of concrete is increased.

In this post i will be sharing with you a pdf document containing the complete design example of a cantilever retaining wall. 

Steps

The usual steps involved are as follows;

(i) Determination of preliminary dimensions of cantilever wall
(ii) checking external stability
(a) F.O.S against overturning
(b) F.O.S against soil pressure or settlement
(c) F.O.S against sliding and determining whether key is needed or not

(iii) Design of Heel Cantilever for shear and flexural
(iv) Design of Toe Slab for shear and flexural
(v) Reinforcement of Stem
(vi) Determining the cut length for reinforcement in stem by the help of graph
(vii) Checking the ACI conditions
(viii) Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement
(ix) Final Presenting the results

Document

Download Complete Design of Cantilever Retaining wall

Disclaimer 

This design example is only for educational usage, the consequences of its usage for any commercial or educational work will be the responsibility of the user and iamcivilengineer.com is by no means responsible for it. 

From Editor's Desk

Its been a long time we havn't post any useful data, but this design example will surely break that break. I hope you would like it we need your feedback and your response. Share it with your friends as well. 

Windows Made of "paint"

Let me introduce to you a very elegant and eye-catching high-rise residential complex.

Yichang Meijing - Cost - effec

This building named “Yichang Meijing” is located in China’s city of Gingdao in Shibei district. Did you notice anything strange in it.?

Hope so not, but a very interesting thing that has shocked the news is the introduction of the painted windows on the walls…..Yeah! Painted windows, the fake ones and not the real ones. The building is a low –cost apartments created by government and are recently completed.

The purpose of this idea behind is said by the owners and architect is just aesthetics, “Yichang Meijing” the name of the building has cost-effectiveness. Civil engineers here introduced a way how just by using paints the aesthetics and architectural requirements can be full-filled.

These windows are painted in areas where there is  a staircase behind, and to use real windows there would be very impractical that’s why government has introduced these sorts of fake windows.

80 Final Year Project Ideas for Civil Engineering Students

Final Year is always been a fun and challenging time especially if you are an undergraduate student. You have so many fields to choose from and as a civil engineering there are alot of fields you can choose and still you don't know in which field you will get your income from; in this respect there is alot of question about the ideas of the final year project; in some universities this final year project has a very solid importance; and as after your graduation the companies in the interview of a job will question about your FYP; and if your FYP is up-to-mark and is very valuable for the company and the community; there are fair chances that you will get the job done; here is a list of some ideas of final year project in civil engineering. 

final year project

1. Civil Engineering Project Titles
2. Desilting of Tanks
3. Minor Irrigation Tanks
4. Time and Motion Study on Road Construction Techniques
5. Ferro Cement Grain Silos
6. Low Cost Roof Tiles
7. Rain Water collection and Storage
8. Lime Stabilized soil Blocks
9. Strength of Country Brick Walls laid in mud mortar
10. Investigation on Low Cost Roofing Units
11. Restoration of an irrigation Tank
12. Village Sanitation System
13. Study of Traditional Housing Practices
14. Ferro Cement Roofing Materials
15. Study of Unburnt Bricks
16. Labor Optimization in Earth Work
17. Reinforced Roofing Sheets
18. Fatigue of Human Labour in earth work
19. Wall Panels for Low cost Houses
20. Planning and designing of Low cost school buildings
21. Engineering study of a Traditional Industry 
22. Low Cost Light weight Roofing Tiles
23. Study on strength of compacted mud walls
24. Critical Study of Locally available materials for the manufacture of bricks
25. Low Cost School Building
26. Low Cost roofing Tiiles
27. Studies on Black Cotton Soil Mixed Copper Mines Wastes
28. Automatic Flow regulation for Canal - Tank Sluice
29. Low Cost Stablized Earth Bricks
30. Strength Characteristics of Surkhi Mortar
31. Bio Gas Plant with Ferro Cement Gas Holder
32. Tests on Pozzolana Mixtures
33. Study of Transportation needs in rural and semi - urban areas
34. Low cost Grain Storage Sturcture
35. Performance study of irrigation centrifugal pumps
36. Some studies on sisal Fibre Reinforced cement Aggregate Composites
37. Erosion Resistance studies on stablized mud blocks 
38. Hyrdogeological investigation, ground water quality and aquifer parameters
39. use of different Organic Wastes for production of bio gas
40. Investigation on fibre reinforced roofing system
41. Road Re Alignment
42. Soil Stabilization 
43. Stabilization of soil for bricks Puddled with organic Materials
44. Master plan for a Rural Settlement
45. Restoration of a Tank
46. Erosion Resistance studies on stabilized brick blocks
47. Steel fibre reinforced cement concrete
48. Critical Study of Augmentation Water Supply Scheme
49. Precast Stone Block Masonary
50. Low Cost Grain Storage Structures
51. Rural Water supply
52. Ground Water Inventory
53. Development of rainfall runoff relationship for small catchments
54. Investigation on nylo fibre Reinforced roofing units
55. Lime Stabilized Bricks
56. For Soil bricks subjected to accelerated weathering conditions
57. Mechanical properties of coirfibre reinforced cement composites
58. Rammed Earth Walls
59. Ground water potential and problems
60. Development and use of unit hydrograph
61. Theoretical and experimental studies of flow in canal bends
62. Block wise studies of rural houses
63. Reinforced brick panel
64. Drinking water quality standards in and around a city
65. Investigation of strength and cementation value of available lime and artificial hydraulic lime
66. Ground water Inventory
67. Evaluation of ground water resources and assessment of quality and its impact on dewellers and crop yeild
68. Operational Research in buildings
69. Six Sigma possibilities in building construction
70. Air pollution
71. Evaluation of uneven  pavement surface
72. Potential of superplasticisers in concrete practice 
73. Bond strength of bundled high yeild strength deforced bars
74. Some studies on the flow characterstic of super plasticised concrete
75. Engineering and natural resources study of a village
76. Qualitative analysis of irrigation water
77. Total station surveying
78. Soil distribution and engineering problems
79. Slump and strength characteristics of super plasticized concrete
80. Design of Flour Mill Effluent Treatment Plant.

Now You can Land Airplanes in the Sea - Kansai International Airport Japan

Japan, the land of rising sun was advancing with technology at a fast rate after World War II, Its economy was on the verge of stabilization. But here the question arises where do you put a plane in a space that run out of space? The Japanese have found its answer you can make the airplane to as well as it flies. In Japan at that time the largest international airport was in Tokyo; the middle of the island. Business owners had to ship their goods hundreds of miles so they could be exported out of the country. This was both costly and time – consuming.

Osaka was the ancient capital of Japan and the former playground for the last samurai. The home of 3 millions Japanese, a new energy in Osaka has propelled this place to become the commercial and industrial center of western Japan. But in order to compete with their big sister Tokyo – Osaka needed to find a way to bring in more people with a Yen for Big business. The solution that was devised “a much bigger airport – to open up the skies”

Building an international airport in Kansai region of Japan was developed in late 1960’s, but the owners of the land and angry farmers were opposing the idea and thus the idea of the project was forced to shut down. The Kansai region included the large cities of Kobe and Osaka, advancement in these two cities forced the city designers to find a solution as to where to put an airport. The majority of land in Kansai region is being filled by the inhabitants and the only practical solution to this problem was to build it on water.

SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

First and foremost important step related to any geotechnical application is to gather information about the soil as much as we can. For a task the scale of Kansai, an extensive investigation was necessary to characterize the subsurface since very little was known about the soil conditions below the bay,

Fig 1 Bore Holes for Geo-tech investigation

Scientists have used large barrages and rigs, to let engineers to be able to bore deep into the seabed and gather information about the type of soil they would be resting their airport on. The findings of the geotechnical investigation was as under; the top 60 feet of the clay was soft-alluvial clay called Holocene layer which has hardness roughly equivalent to that of toy clay, this layer had loosely placed sediment. But that was not much problem for the engineers as they had much experience in building on such similar deposits off the shore of the bay and had means to control it. The problem which they had about to face was below that alluvial clay layer was old, diluvial deposit of stiff clay,  which had never been build on before.

Fig. 2 Subsurface profile of the Kansai Airport Foundation

Main Construction Process

Engineers have divided the main construction into three different stages

(i)                 Remediation of the seabed

(ii)               Placement of seawall

(iii)             fill

Sea bed remediation

The problem that was faced by geo-tech engineers here was settlement, as the underlying soil was clay. As we know that clay composed of very small soil particles having pores in them, these pores on application of load can be re-arranged for an unknown time, and more over this process of consolidation is very slow, but has a significant effect on the working of the structure.

In the case of the Kansai Airport, the upper alluvial layer was highly compressible and is impermeable as well, thus engineers have used a technique called sand draining method, approximately one million sand columns were inserted into the top layer of the bay to improve drainage conditions. This allows the water to flow horizontally to a column and then exit relatively quickly in a vertical direction because the sand has high permeability. The sand columns not only allows the water to drain quickly to avoid long term settlement but also strengthens the soil during construction.

Fig 3 : Sand Draining Technique to Increase settlement Rate of consolidating clays

Seawall

After improving the sub-surface of the bay the scientists have to fight with the high speed tides of the sea, because if these high velocity waves can’t let the inhabitants to live near the sea how can these waves allow the airplanes to live within the sea; for fighting this problem they have devised a seawall, special “tripod” blocks were used on the seaward side to disspiate the energy of any harsh waves. These 2 ton blocks slowly arose from the seabed creating a ring of concrete 40 ft above sea level.

Fig 4: typical cross-section of the seawall

Fig 5 : Complete seawall

Fill:

Once the seawall was completed, workers started on the body of the island, The source of their fill material, which consists of different grades of sand, gravel and rock, was from three nearby mountains. Trucks transported from the borrow site to the nearby ships which shipped it three miles to the site. It almost took four years to fill such a land and it took 750 million cubic feet of fill, three mountaintops had disappeared.

To tackle with the problem of settlement, the first question that was put forward to the scientists was How much the island would ultimately settle. By using their knowledge of soil mechanics they have calculated the ultimate settlement of the soil to be between 19 and 25 feet. Interestingly enough, the airport was designed for an island that would settle only 19 feet. By the time the island was completed in 1990, it had already settled 27 feet and was continuing at a rate of 2 inches per month. This prompted designers to put an extra ten feet of fill on top to compensate for the difference, adding even more stress to the seabed.

The deep clay layer was not a uniform or homogeneous layer, it has sand layers within its mass and engineers believed that these sand layers will allow the water to drain quickly themselves but care full study shows that among these continuous sand layers there are a few discontinuous sand layers which doesn’t allow the water to drain and thus there comes the problem of differential settlement.

To encounter the differential settlement between island and the terminal, engineers have lined the basement of the terminal with a quarter of a million tons of iron ore. Without iron ore, the terminal weight would be less and the remaining island would sink and settles thus the terminal might fail thus the additional weight of the iron ore beneath the terminal allows the terminal to settle at approximately the same rate as the rest of the island.

The runways were paved specifically with asphalt and not the concrete reason being that if some patch holes appears they could be paved easily with asphalt and concrete could fail in this case easily. The terminal was build on 900 columns, the height of these columns was controlled by a hydraulic jack and the settlement of these columns was computer monitored thus if some differential settlement might be observed the hydraulic jacks come in place to counter that settlement. Once the jacks were removed steel plates were slid under the columns.

Earthquakes and other Natural Disasters:

Engineers have used rocks when they were filling within the seawalls as a fill, inclusion of these rocks had some objective and that was to absorb any earthquake shaking activity and that was proved fruitful in the 1995 earthquake when after 15 years the terminal was opened an earthquake rocked the Osaka Bay area in early morning. Kansai Airport was just 18 miles from the epicenter and the officials were surprised to see the results of minimal damage to the island. With the exception of a few cracks within the sidewalks the terminal was fully in perfect condition.

References

·         Kansai International Airport Land Development Company, Kald Information Center: URL: < http://www.kald.co.jp/index-e.html>

·         Takenaka Corporation, Modification Method for Differential Settlement: URL: <http://www.takenaka.co.jp/takenaka_e/quake_e/fudo/fudo.htm>

·         The Learning Channel, “Super Structures of the World: Kansai International Airport”, Original Broadcast, 1999.

·         Kansai International Airport “Mega Structure” Series on National Geographic Channel.