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Protection of foundation structures against attack by soils and ground water
A site investigation in one form or another is always required for any engineering or building structure. The investigation may range in scope from a simple examination of the surface soils with or without a few shallow trial pits, to a detailed study of the soil and ground water conditions to a considerable depth below the surface by means of boreholes and in-situ and laboratory tests on the materials encountered. The extent of the work depends on the importance and foundation arrangement of the structure, the complexity of the soil conditions, and the information which may be available on the behavior of existing foundations on similar soils.

Title of the Book

Foundation Design and Construction

Author of the Book

MJ Tomlinson

Contents of the Book

Site Investigation and Soil Mechanics
The General principles of foundation design
Foundation Design in Relation to Ground Movement
Spread and Deep Shaft foundations
Buoyancy Rafts and Basements (Box Foundations)
Bridge Foundations
Piles Foundations
Piled Foundations Structural design and construction methods
Foundation construction
Cofferdams
Shoring and Underpinning

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What is Pile cut-off Level? Pile Foundation

Pile Cut-off level is the actual level at which the piles below pier are made to be of the same level. The concrete of pile is cut-off at the specified level (given in the specifications or drawings usually around 75 mm) while the steel is kept projected in-to the pile cap to make an effective bond between pile cap and piles.

What is Pile Cut-off Level

Why pile is trimmed or cut?

For Piles casted in dry bore holes while using temporary casing, piles heads shall be casted to a level a bit above the specified cut-off so that, after cutting or timming, a sound concrete connection can be made with the pile.

While we cast the piles under water we use tremie method of concreting. In this method the shaft of concrete pile is casted by using a tremie pipe which is lowered below the water level or the interfacing concrete and concrete is poured with pressure while the slurry and other raw concrete or weak concrete comes up. For tremie method slump mix should be greater than 175 mm.

Pile cut-off level can be above or below the group. When it is above ground, Concrete should overflow from the pile head on completion. Due to tremie method the upper part of pile consists of weak concrete as well as some contaminated boring debris.

In case the pile cut-off below the ground, the concrete level should be raised to allow for around 1 m for trimming off the weak concrete.

Traditionally the cropping or trimming process to achieve the required cut off level is done using a jackhammer or hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS).